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322 Table for the Laboratory
Ounces Grammes Ounces Grammes
Grain 1/10 6 Milligrammes Drachms 2 1/2 9 1/2 Grammes
" 1/8 7 1/2 " " 3 11 "
" 1/6 1 Centigramme "(1/2 ounce)4 15 "
" 1/5 12 Milligrammes " 5 18 3/4 "
" 1/4 1 1/2 Centigrammes " 5 1/2 20 3/4 "
" 1/3 2 " " " 6 22 1/2 "
" 1/2 3 " " " 7 26 1/4 "
" 2/3 4 " " (1 ounce)8 30 "
" 3/4 4 1/2 " " 9 33 1/4 "
" 1 6 " " 10 37 1/2 "
" 2 12 " " (1 1/2 ounce)12 45 "
" 3 18 " " (2 ounces) 16 60 "
" 5 3 Decigrammes 18 67 1/2 "
" 8 5 " " (2 1/2 ounces) 20 75 "
" 10 (1/2 scruple) 6 " " OUNCES 3 1/2 105 "
" 12 72 Centigrammes " 4 120 "
" 14 8 1/2 Decigrammes " 4 1/2 135 "
" 16 1 Gramme " 5 150 "
" 18 112 Centigrammes (1/2 pound) 6 180 "
(1 scruple) " 20 1 1/2 Gramme Ounces 6 1/2 195 "
(1/2 drams) " 30 2 " " " 7 210 "
(2 scruples) " 40 2 1/2 " " " 8 240 "
(2 1/2 scruples) " 50 312 Centigrammes " 9 270 "
1 Drachm " 60 3 3/4 Grammes " 10 300 "
" 72 4 1/2 " " " 11 330 "
(4 scruples) " 80 5 " " (1 pound)12 360 "
1 1/2 Drams " 90 5 1/2 " "
8 " 96 6 " "
(5 scruples) " 100 6 1/4 " "
2 drams) " 120 7 1/2 " "
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RIGHT PAGE
Deep Sea Diving 323
At 201 Feet there is a pressure of 87
pounds to the [square] inch. 150 feet is the
limit for safe diving.
On the St. Louis
Britdge the men worked at 110 feet and
had from 50 to 51 pounds the the [square] inch.
On the ship "Cape Horn"
wrecked off South America, a diver
named Hooper made 7 descents to a
depth of 201 feet, over 33 fathoms, and
at one time remained down 42 minutes.
[clippings left to right]
THE BALSAM POPLAR
Canadian Forestry Journal for October.
The Balsam Poplar (Populus balsam-
ifera, Linn.) is found growing com-
monly throughout the Northern United
States and Canada, but it reaches its
greatest development in the north,
especially along the Mackenzie river
and its tributaries, where it often
reaches a height of one hundred feet
and more, with a diameter of six or
seven feet. Professor Macoun states
that this tree in habit differs very much
from the aspen, but in its range it ex-
tends even farther north, and instead
of being of little value, as the aspen is,
it attains a great size and height as
far north as the Arctic Circle on the
Mackenzie river. West of Manitoba
and northward it is usually found
growing on alluvium in the river val-
leys and in such situations it is often
nearly 150 feet high and frequently
over seven feet in diameter. On the
Peace river, and all streas which
unite to form the Mackenzie, it occu-
pies all the islands and low alluvial
banks. During the period of flood
many trees fall into the rivers by the
wearing away of the banks, and a
great number of them in the course of
time reach the Arctic ocean. These are
eventually cast on the islands and
shores and become the chief source
from which is derived the fuel supply
of Arctic travelers. The same may be
said of the Yukon valley, as it is this
tree that occupied the valleys and isl-
ands of that river on all newly formed
lands, but in time gives place to spruce
as the subsoil becomes cold and moist
from the density of the poplar and
willow growth. The Riviere aux Liards
or Liard river (often erroneously call-
ed Laird river) a tributary of the Mac-
kenzie is named from this stree.
The leaves differ from those of the
poplars previously mentioned, by being
narrower in proportion to their length.
They are ovate-lanceolate, acute or ac-
uminate, dark green and lustrous on
the upper surface, pale and often fer-
rugnious on the lower. The usually
broadened base is rounded or cordate.
The color of the bark is chestnut
brown. The aments or catkins appear
in early spring, before the leaves, and
the seeds are distributed about the end
of May or early June, covering the
ground with their snow-white cottony
envelope. The wood is light, soft and
close-grained, but is not strong. The
heart wood is light brown and the sap-
wood white. Its specific gravity is
0.3635, a cubic foot weighing 22.65 lbs. [pounds]
The leaf buds are saturated with a
yellow, balsamic, sticky, exudation,
which gives the tree its specific name.
P. balsamifera, variety candicans
cultivated as a shade tree, differs from
the common form in its more spread-
ing branches, forming a broader and
more open head, in its broader, heart-
shaped leaves, which more closely
serrate with gland-tipped teeth, more
or less pubescent or hairy when young,
and at maturity paler on the lower sur-
face. It seems to be still uncertain as
to whether this is entirely an intro-
duced variety or is indigenous. The
name Balm of Gilead often applied to
this species is derived from the healing
virtues ascribed to the balsam of its
leaf buds. It was often planted for
this express purpose, and was held in
high esteem by the amateur physicians
of older days. Various preparations of
it were recommended by the recipe
books, which had such vogue before the
day of the doctor and patent medicines.
One which lies before us at the present
time gives a Balm of Gilead salve pre-
pared with tallow, balm of gilead buds
and other ingredients which is stated
to have been in use in this country
about forty years with the greatest
success.
Two other trees which have also
borne the name P. balsimifera are
western species, which are now gener-
ally known as P. angustofolia, James,
the narrow-leaved poplar or black cot-
tonwood, and P. trichocarpa, Hooker,
also called black cottonwood or balsam
cottonwood. The former is distinguish-
ed by its long narrow leaves, lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate and green on
both sides. It is a small tree, not
usually more than fifty or sixty feet in
height and rarely exceeding eighteen
inches in diameter. The slender erect
branches form a narrow and usually
pyramidal head. The bark is light yel-
low green. The wood is light, soft and
weak. Its range is from New Mexico
to Southern Alberta in which latter it
is found along the Milk and Belly
rivers and their tributaries and also
along the Bow river.
P. trichocarpa is the most westerly
species, being found on the Pacific
coast from Alaska to California. In
British Columbia it occurs in the val-
leys of the Columbia and Fraser rivers.
It is stated by Dr. Dawson, that this
tree was used by the Indians of British
Columbia for the manufacture of can-
oes and the roots were formerly used
by the Indians of Oregon and Northern
California for making hats and baskets.
The leaves are usually broadly ovate,
acuminate, rounded or cordate at the
broad base, dark green on the upper
surface, palle ferrugineous or silvery
on the lower, while the seed pods are
tomentose or wolly. This tree reaches
200 feet in height, with a diameter of
seven or eight feet. The specific grav-
ity of the wood is 0.3814, a cubic foot
weighing 23.77 lbs. [pounds]
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INSURANCE TERMS MADE PLAIN
Technical Expressions Use by
Agents Translated into English
The April World's Work, which is a
special life insurance number, gives the
following definition of insurance words
and terms which every policy holder
ought to know:
"A level premium is a premium which
is the same at every payment; that is,
which becomes no greater as the policy
holder grows older.
"The reserve is the excess amount
charged in the early years of level pre-
mium policies to offset the failure to in-
crease the premium during the later
years. This reserve is invested by the
company, and the proceeds from it make
up the deficiencies in the later premium
payments.
"The annual surplus is the excess
amount paid in by policy holders above
the sum paid out in death claims, and
in expenses of management plus the in-
terest earned by the reserve above the
percentage of the requirement.
"Dividends are the portion of the sur-
plus divided among the policy holders.
"Deferred dividends are dividends that
are not distributed among the policy
holders annually, but are held by the
company and paid to the policy holder
at longer periods, usually twenty years.
"A surrender is the act of a policy
holder in giving up his policy for a con-
sideration from the company.
"The surrender value, or cash sur-
render value, of a policy is the amount
the company agrees to pay if the policy
holder surrenders his policy. This is less
than the sum that he has paid in pre-
miums.
"A participating policy is one entitling
the policy holder to share in any divi-
dends that the company may pay.
"A non-participating policy is one that
gives the holder no right to dividends.
"An annuity is money paid back annu-
ally to a policy holder at stated intervals
after a certain date, in consideration of
the money that he has paid into the com-
pany.
"Installment policies, return premiums,
gold bonds, and other similar arrange-
ments are varieties of annuities in combi-
nation with life insurance.
"A tontine policy is one on which the
holder receives nothing if he fails to keep
up his premium till he dies.
"Term insurance is insurance for a
specified number of years. The amount
for which the policy holder is insured is
paid only in case he dies before the expi-
ration of the agreed term.
"Renwewable term insurance is term in-
surance with the additional privilege of
renewal of the policy at the end of the
first term or succeeding terms of years
without further medical examination."
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