Modernism and Post-War Literature Collection
User Collection Public
The Modernism and Post-War Literature Collection is comprised of works created by authors associated with modernism, a literary movement with contested dates, but largely regarded as taking place between 1910 and 1940. Authors featured here include Mary Butts (1890-1937), Robert Graves (1895-1985), James Joyce (1882-1941), Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), and Ezra Pound (1885-1972), as well as writers who produced work following WWII, such as Aidan Higgins (1927-2015), identified as late modernists or influenced by modernism.
Intellectuals and artists affiliated with parallel movements in other disciplines during the same period, such as modern art, are also found in this collection, as seen in the correspondence of Herbert Read (1893-1968) and photography of Gisèle Freund (1908-2000).
Permalink: https://vault.library.uvic.ca/collections/2178ce66-c825-490f-8b8f-0c4d634c0538
Collection Details
- Items 3049
- Last Updated 2024-07-31
Subcollections (13)
There are no visible subcollections.
Works (2530)
71. Two worlds monthly, devoted to the increase of the gaiety of nations, Vol. 02, No.'s 01 - 04 (1926-1927)
- Title Tesim:
- Two worlds monthly, devoted to the increase of the gaiety of nations, Vol. 02, No.'s 01 - 04 (1926-1927)
- Description:
- Edited by Samuel Roth, a New-York based publisher of literature and erotica, who pirated some of Joyce’s works and was responsible for publication of the first complete, albeit corrupt, text of Ulysses in the United states. After the struggle in getting Ulysses initially published, which resulted in Sylvia Beach's printing in Paris, problems were still not resolved in America. The ban on the book prompted the publication in Samuel Roth's Two World's monthly "an expurgated version of Joyce's Ulysses without the author's permission and without paying for reproduction rights." (The New York Times). In response, 167 authors, including Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, Somerset Maugham, and T.S. Eliot, signed a letter of protest in defense of the author. Publishers, seeing how many important people were defending the book, and taking into account its popularity in Two Worlds Monthly began to solicit Joyce for publication of Ulysses in America. After a prolonged battle with Sylvia Beach, who at the time held the rights to publication, Joyce made a deal with Random House. Its appearance in America then sparked the famous court case United States vs. One Book Called Ulysses, where Judge John M. Woolsey decided that "whilst in many places the effect of Ulysses of the reader undoubtedly is somewhat emetic, nowhere does it tend to be an aphrodisiac. Ulysses may, therefore, be admitted into the United States." --Manhattan Rare Books Company No. 01 contains short paragraphs scattered throughout taken from the works of Mr. G. Bernard Shaw and contains the fifth installment of Ulysses by James Joyce. No. 02 contains short paragraphs scattered throughout from the works of Mr. George Moore and contains the sixth installment of Ulysses by James Joyce. No. 03 is dedicated to D.H Lawrence and contains short paragraphs scattered throughout taken from the works of Friedrich Nietzche and contains the seventh installment of Ulysses by James Joyce. No. 04 is dedicated to A.E. Coppard and contains short paragraphs scattered throughout taken from the works of Henry D. Thoreau and contains the eighth installment of Ulysses by James Joyce.
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/911989, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1000172, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1423907, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1356277, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/999953
- Creator:
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/364721
- Publisher:
- New York : Published at the sign of the Mocki-Grisball by Two Worlds Publishing Company, Inc., Five Hundred Fifth Avenue, 1926-1927.
- Location:
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926/1927
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
- License Tesim:
- This material is made available on this site for research and private study only.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Identifier:
- Call Number: AP2 T9862 1927
- Extent:
- 1 volume (476 pages)
- Alternative Title:
- Two worlds monthly volume two
- Geographic Coverage:
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Modernism and Post-War Literature Collection
- Provider:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300417585, http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202607, http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026642, http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048715, and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026657
- Date Digitized:
- 2013
- Technical Note:
- Scanned by PD. Metadata by KD.
72. Letter from Ramon Fernandez to Herbert Read, June 12, 1926
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Ramon Fernandez to Herbert Read, June 12, 1926
- Description:
- A pair of letters to Sir Herbert Read from French writer, journalist, and critic Ramon Fernandez. In this letter, Fernandez regrets that he and Read did not have a chance to meet while Read was in France.
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/821688, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1754386, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/984188, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41440, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1067778, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/815554, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/883769, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/821945, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/808401, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1067870, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/822016
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41440
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1754386
- Location:
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-06-12
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
- License Tesim:
- Use of this material is permitted for research and private study purposes only. For all other uses, contact University of Victoria Special Collections and University Archives.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Identifier:
- 61/63/1
- Extent:
- 2 pages
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204289
- Coordinates:
- 46, 2
- Additional Physical Characteristics:
- Handwritten in pencil.
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Herbert Read Collection
- Provider:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026877 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026879
- Archival Item Identifier:
- File: 10.5
- Fonds Title:
- Sir Herbert Edward Read fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC100
- Is_referenced_by:
- Special Collections finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/sir-herbert-edward-read-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 2022/2023
- Technical Note:
- Scanning and metadata by Rowan O'Brian and additional metadata by SC.
73. Parisian nights, a book of essays by Arthur Symons
- Title Tesim:
- Parisian nights, a book of essays by Arthur Symons
- Description:
- A collection of essays. Cover and title-page designed by Wyndham Payne, typography and binding arranged and the book produced by Cyril William Beaumont printed on his press at 75 Charing Cross Road in the city of Westminster. "... 80 copies... printed on handmade parchment vellum signed by the editor and numberered 1 to 80 and 310 copies on hand-made paper numbered 81 to 390." This is copy 282. Table of contents: Lautrec and the Moulin rouge.--A visit to Aristide Bruant. 1892.--Constantin Guys.--At the "Chat noir." 1892.--Forain.--A voyage of discovery.-Honore Daumier.--On cats and clowns.
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/910809
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46849
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1466086 and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/27794
- Publisher:
- [Westminster, London] : [The Beaumont press], [1926]
- Location:
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-08-02
- Rights Statement:
- No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only
- License Tesim:
- Contact Special Collections and University Archives for access to the original. This material is made available on this site for research and private study only.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Identifier:
- Call Number: PR5527 P37 1926
- Extent:
- 49 pages, 1 unnumbered page ; 23 cm
- Alternative Title:
- Parisian nights
- Edition:
- Copy 282
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Additional Physical Characteristics:
- Colored title vignette.
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Modernism and Post-War Literature Collection
- Provider:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300028051 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026291
- Date Digitized:
- 2020-06-25
- Technical Note:
- Scanned on Plustek OpticBook 4800 at 300 dpi TIFF 25 June 2020 by JF. Metadata by KD.
74. Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding a crossed cheque etc.
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding a crossed cheque etc.
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Douglas Goldring regarding a crossed cheque he sends her and her time with a child (unnamed). Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy
- Keyword:
- People referenced (in letter): Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Golding, Malin; Lasell, Phil; V. T. (Thompson, Virgil? 1896-1989), Places referenced (in letter): England--London; France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy, and Topics referenced (in letter): Finance; Domestic life
- Subject:
- Goldring, Malin, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/924449, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/962162, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3701, Lasell, Phil, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 2 pages
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204271 and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
75. Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding editors and artists
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding editors and artists
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Douglas Goldring, introducing a list of editors and artists to him . Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Montttessuy
- Keyword:
- Places referenced (in letter): France--Paris--14 Rue de Montttessuy; The United States--New England , People referenced (in letter): Golding, Malin; Watson, James S. (James Sibley), 1894-1982; Watson, Hildegarde Lasell, -1976; Hitchcock, Henry-Russell; Weeks, Edward, 1898-1989; Parker, H. T. (Henry Taylor), 1867-1934; Nosher, John; Chaffin, Avery; Bliven, Bruce, 1889-1977; Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis), 1880-1956; Crowninshield, Frank, 1872-1947; Skinner, Dick, Texts referenced (in letter): The New Yorker; The American Mercury; Vanity Fair; The New Republic; The Boston Evening Transcript; The Atlantic Monthly; The Dial , and Topics referenced (in letter): Friendship
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103453, Goldring, Malin, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52364, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1361494, The New Republic, Skinner, Dick, The Dial, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/251865, Chaffin, Avery, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716455, The American Mercury, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6668, The Boston Evening Transcript, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414, Nosher, John, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1718832, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56498, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1857240, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1788224, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/935174, and The Atlantic Monthly
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 2 pages
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1241913 and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
76. Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding her friends Pat & Duff
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, Between September 1926 and June 1930. Regarding her friends Pat & Duff
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Douglas Goldring regarding her friends Pat & Duff . Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy
- Keyword:
- People referenced (in letter): Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Guthrie, Pat; Twysden, Duff; Mrs. Maitland; Luke; Evelyn , Places referenced (in letter): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy, and Topics referenced (in letter): Friendship
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/935174, Twysden, Duff, 1891-1938, Guthrie, Pat, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 1 leaf
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
77. Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, September 1926-January 1930. Regarding Malin Goldring
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, September 1926-January 1930. Regarding Malin Goldring
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Douglas Goldring to express her admiration for Malin Goldring and to touch base with Douglas Goldring . Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy
- Keyword:
- Topics referenced (in letter): Friendship, Places referenced (in letter): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy; France--Paris--Montparnasse, and People referenced (in letter): Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Golding, Malin; Twysden, Duff, 1891-1938
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/935174, Goldring, Malin, Twysden, Duff, 1891-1938, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 1 leaf
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283 and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1714345
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
78. Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, September 1926-June 1930
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Douglas Goldring, September 1926-June 1930
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Douglas Goldring to invite him for dinner . Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy. Sent to (location): France--Paris
- Keyword:
- Topics referenced (in letter): Dinner invitation, People referenced (in letter): Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Golding, Malin; Lasell, Phil; Thomson, Virgil, 1896-1989 , and Places referenced (in letter): France--Paris--14 Rue de Monttessuy
- Subject:
- , Lasell, Phil, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414, Goldring, Malin, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3701, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/996699
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259
- Location:
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 1 leaf
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
79. Letter from Mary Butts to Malin Goldring, September 1926-June 1930
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Mary Butts to Malin Goldring, September 1926-June 1930
- Description:
- Mary Butts writes to Malin Goldring to rearrange a time to meet Malin . Sent from (location): France--Paris--14 Rue de Montttessuy. Sent to (location): France
- Keyword:
- People referenced (in letter): Butts, Mary, 1890-1937; Goldring, Douglas, 1887-1960; Golding, Malin , Places referenced (in letter): France--Paris--14 Rue de Montttessuy, and Topics referenced (in letter): Friendship
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1798259, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/935174, Goldring, Malin, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144414
- Contributor:
- Goldring, Malin
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-09/1930-06
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright
- License Tesim:
- Copyright, The Estate of Mary Butts, published by permission. Seek permission for use.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Extent:
- 1 leaf
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204289 and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Mary Butts Letters
- Provider:
- Hawkes, Joel
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300048730 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252927
- Archival Item Identifier:
- Series 4, Box 01, Folder 19
- Fonds Title:
- Douglas Goldring fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC048
- Is_referenced_by:
- Archival finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/douglas-goldring-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 1995
80. Letter from Ramon Fernandez to Herbert Read, November 05, 1926
- Title Tesim:
- Letter from Ramon Fernandez to Herbert Read, November 05, 1926
- Description:
- A pair of letters to Sir Herbert Read from French writer, journalist, and critic Ramon Fernandez. In this letter, Fernandez apologizes for not having written sooner. He also writes that he enjoyed one of Read's books enough to have written about it in his regular contribution to the N.R.F.
- Subject:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/883769, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1067870, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/808401, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/822016, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/984188, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1067778, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/821945, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/821688, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/815554, http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1754386, and http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41440
- Creator:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41440
- Contributor:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1754386
- Location:
- Language:
- eng
- Date Created:
- 1926-11-05
- Rights Statement:
- In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
- License Tesim:
- Use of this material is permitted for research and private study purposes only. For all other uses, contact University of Victoria Special Collections and University Archives.
- Resource Type:
- http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
- Identifier:
- 61/63/2
- Extent:
- 2 pages
- Geographic Coverage:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283
- Coordinates:
- 48.85341, 2.3488
- Additional Physical Characteristics:
- Handwritten in pencil.
- Physical Repository:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Collection:
- Herbert Read Collection
- Provider:
- http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522461
- Genre:
- http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026877 and http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026879
- Archival Item Identifier:
- File: 10.5
- Fonds Title:
- Sir Herbert Edward Read fonds
- Fonds Identifier:
- SC100
- Is_referenced_by:
- Special Collections finding aid: https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/sir-herbert-edward-read-fonds
- Date Digitized:
- 2022/2023
- Technical Note:
- Scanning and metadata by Rowan O'Brian and additional metadata by SC.