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[Left column:]
MAKING ELECTRIC LIGHT
BULBS
The process of making the miniature
electric light bulbs that are used in
such profusion now for decorative and
advertising purposes is one requiring a
great deal of manual skill, or, rather,
skill both of the hand and mouth, for
they are blown by mouth from glass
tubes, which are imported specially for
the purpose. The large bulbs used for
ordinary lighting purposes are made by
machinery.
The biggest fastory for the manu-
facture of these tiny bubls is in Hudson
street, this city, says the New York
Times, and it turns out in the busy sea-
son nearly 3,000 bulbs a day. The first
process is blowing the bulb. The end
of the glass tube is softened in a glass
flame until it becomes soft enught to
work. When that point is reached the
operator blows it up to the required
size and then lays it aside. During the
blowing process the tube is kept con-
stantly turning in order to preserve
the symmetrical outlines of the bulb.
This part of the work is done by men.
Women do not seem to possess lung power
enough for it.
While this is going on girls in another
part of the shop are at work soldering
on the little specks of carbon which
are to furnish the light to tiny wires.
The bulbs are closed at one end, cut
off the tube and passed to a girl who
sets the carbons into them and passes
them on to another workman who an-
neals them to a fork containing five
bulbs, all communicating with a trunk
tube. This in turn is annealed on a
branch which contains five forks, so
that every branch contains twenty-five
bulbs. These branches are then taken
to the exhausting room where they
are attached to a series of air pumps
and the air is exhausted from them.
Each bulb is then subjected to a gas
flame again and the end is permetically
sealed. After this come the minor op-
erations of finishing, testing and fitting
to sockets. Each lamp is tested three
times before it is allowed to get out,
and it must also conform, as to size,
to a standard measurement.
---
Rules for Measuring Rooms
Multiply the distance around the room in feet
by the height; take away 20 feet for each door
or window, divide the remainder by 30 for num-
ber of rolls on the walls.
Multiply length by widths of ceiling and divide
by 30 for number of rolls of paper for ceiling.
---
[Center column:]
COLDEST CITY IN THE WORLD
---
The coldest city in the world is Yaktusk,
eastern Siberia, in the Empire of the
Czar and the Russians. It is the great
commerical emporium of East Siberia and
the capital of the province of Yakutsk,
which, in most of its area of 1,517,063
square miles, is a bare desert, the soil of
which is frozen to a great depth. Yakutsk
consists of about four hundred houses of
European structure, standing apart. The
Intervening spaces are occupied by winter
yoorts, or huts of the northern nomads,
with earthen roofs, doors covered with
hairy hides, and windows of ice. Caravans
with Chinese and European goods collect
the produce of the whole line of coast on
the Polar Sea between the parallels of 70
degrees and 74 degrees from the mouth of
the River Lena to the farthest point in-
habited by the Chookchees. Last year a
colportent of the British and Foreign
Bible Society made a tour of eleven weeks
down the Lena, a river 3,000 miles long,
visiting Yakutsk and selling Gospels in
their own language to the Yakuts in the
villages along the banks. - Leslie's Weekly
---
WHAT "HORSE POWER" MEANS
--
Terms Revers to Work Done by Aver-
age Horse in a Minute
What is the relative amount of work
that a man can do in comparison with a
horse or machinery? At his very best
the strongest man stands in pretty poor
comparison, even with a horse, for hard,
continuous labor. He might perform for
a few minutes one-half horse power of
work, but to keep this up for any great
length of time would be impossible.
Thus the gain in forcing horses to do
one part of the world's work was enormous.
One horse could exhaust a dozen men in
a single day, and still be ready for the
next day's work.
The measurement of a horse's power
for work was first ascertained by Watt
the father of the modern steam engine,
and he expressed this in terms that hold
today. He experimented with a great
number of heavy brewery horses to sat-
isfy himself that his unit of measure-
ment for work was correct. After many
trials he ascertained that the average
brewery horse was doing work equal to
that required to raise 330 pounds of
weight 100 feet high in one minute or
33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. So
he called this one horse power.
This work, however is not continuous,
for the horse would have to back up
after each pull to lower the line of the
pulley and thus he would work four
hours a day in pulling 330 pounds in the
air at the rate of 100 feet a minute, and
four hours in slacking up the rope. Con-
sequently no horse can actually perform
continuously what is generally called
one horse power. The horse was never
born that could tug at a rope for eight
hours a day, pulling 330 pounds 100 feet
each minute without rest or chage. Con-
sequently when we speam of horse-power
we refer only to the average work a
horse can do in one minute, that is to
say, the rate at which he can work.
A strong man might pull half that
weight 100 feet in the air in two minutes
but he could not repeat the operation
many times without being exhausted.
For all needful purposes the expression
of one horse power is accurate enough
and practically shows the measurement
of an average horse's abilities for work-
ing. As a rule a strong man can in eight
hours work at the rate of about one-
tenth of one horse power; that is it
would require ten men to pull 330 pounds
100 feet in the air in a minute and then
slack up and repeat the operation
throughout the eight hours of a work-
ing day. The world's gain in labor when
horses were first employed to help man
in his work was thus tenfold. - St. Nich-
olas.
[Right column:]
SEPTEMBER 2, 1906
THE MOON AND THE WEATHER
--
In company with a former member
of one fo the United States scientific
bodies, an elderly professor remarked:
"That is a wet moon with us, is it so
in your country?" To which reply was
made: "Well, professor, I don't take
much stock in the moon theory as hav-
ing influence on the weather." The
only reply from the professor was a
long drawn "Ah-h-h." Having a cu-
riosity to know whether a man of
scientific attainments and habits of
thought had any rational grounds for
such a belief, the subject was returned
to later with the question, "Professor,
do you really believe that the moon ex-
erts an influence on terrestrial weath-
er?" "O-h-h y-e-e. We have neap
tides and spring tides, from the moon's
influence; there is no reason why it
should not influence the weather also."
To which reply was made: "But the
moon exerts the same influence upon all
parts of the earth's surface every twen-
ty-four hours. It would seem that if
it causes rain in one place, it should
cause rain all over the world." This
ended the discussion. Evidently this
learned professor had never thought of
analyzing the question, but simply clung
to a belief probably imbibed in the nur-
sery.
---
July 28, 1907
---
VALUE OF OLD TIN FOIL
--
Save and sell your tinfoil. The re-
cent rise in the price of tin has led to
a curious development in this and other
countries.
Several of the best known chocolate
manufacturers on the continent have
issues the following notice: "Do not
throw away the tinfoil in which the
chocolate is enveloped. It is composed
of pure metal, a metal which is dear.
Keep it and before long it will be called
for by our agents, who will pay for it
at its market value. The chocolate in-
dustry in Europe spends nearly $4,000-
000 per annum in tinfoil, and these
$4,000,000 are general thrown to the
winds."
It is further explained that the pres-
ent hight price of tin is due to the ac-
tion of English and Dutch speculators
who have forced it far beyond its actu-
al value.
What seems to give some color to
the alleged preciousness of the paper
wrapped around chocolate is the
story told by a Socialist journal of
Hamburg to the effect that a group of
workment were able to procure a part
of their common library by collecting
and selling these fugitive sheets of tin-
foil. - Chicago Tribune
RIGHT PAGE
French Metres 313
reduced to English Feet and inches
---
Metre ft. in.
1 is written 1.000 Equals 3, 3.37
2 " " 2.000 " 6, 6.74
3 " " 3.000 " 9, 10.11
4 " " 4.000 " 13, 1.48
5 " " 5.000 " 16, 4.85
6 " " 6.000 " 19, 8.22
7 " " 7.000 " 22, 11.59
8 " " 8.000 " 26, 2.96
9 " " 9.000 " 29, 6.33
10 " " 10.000 " 32, 9.70
---
Centemetre ft. in.
1 is written 0.010 Equals 0, 0.39
2 " " 0.020 " 0, 0.79
3 " " 0.030 " 0, 1.18
4 " " 0.040 " 0, 1.58
5 " " 0.050 " 0, 1.97
6 " " 0.060 " 0, 2.36
7 " " 0.070 " 0, 2.76
8 " " 0.080 " 0, 3.15
9 " " 0.090 " 0, 3.54
10 " " 0.100 " 0, 3.94
---
Decimetre ft. in.
1 is written 0.100 Equals 0, 3.94
2 " " 0.200 " 7.87
3 " " 0.300 " 11.81
4 " " 0.400 " 1, 3.75
5 " " 0.500 " 1, 7.69
6 " " 0.600 " 1, 11.62
7 " " 0.700 " 2, 3.56
8 " " 0.800 " 2, 7,50
9 " " 0.900 " 2, 11.43
10 " " 1.000 " 3, 3.37
---
Millimetres ft. in.
1 is written 0.001 Equals 0, 0.04
2 " " 0.002 " 0, 0.08
3 " " 0.003 " 0, 0.12
4 " " 0.004 " 0, 0.16
5 " " 0.005 " 0, 0.20
6 " " 0.006 " 0, 0.24
7 " " 0.007 " 0, 0.28
8 " " 0.008 " 0, 0.31
9 " " 0.009 " 0, 0.35
10 " " 0.010 " 0, 0.39
---
I got the above from John Fannin
who had it written out for him by some
government official in 1903
10 Decimetres 3, 3.37 Equal 1 Metre 3, 3.37
10 Centimetres 0, 3.94 " 1 Decimeter 0, 3.94
10 Millimetres 0, 039 " 1 Centimetre 0, 0.39
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