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342 Explanation of the Word "Cycle"
in Gasoline Engines
In any heat Engine, whether it is
Steam, Gas, Gasoline or hot air,
the operating medium goes through
a certain series of stages, a complete
sequence of which is called a "Cycle"
In a steam Engine the stages
are "Admission", "Expansion", "Exhaust"
and a small period of compression
and this "cycle" is gone through
with by steam at both sides of the
piston, once in every revolution of the
Engine. In the gas Engine, the "cycle"
consists of (1st) [first] inspiration, the gas
being drawn into the cylinder during
one complete stroke, (2d) [second] Compression
of the gas during one complete stroke,
(3d) [third] Ignition and Explosion of the
compressed gas, and Expansion of the
Exploded gases during one complete
stroke, (4th) [fourth] Exhaust of the consumed
gases during one complete stroke.
In the Earliest and many
present forms of gas Engines, in
which the Explosion of gasses took
place on one side of the pistion ony,
it took 2 revolutions of 4 strokes
to make one complete cycle.
The term 2 cycle may be
taken to mean that there 2 seperate
cycles of operations acting on
opposite sides of the piston.
Scientific [American] May 9, 1908
page 338
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Seeing Things Under Water
TO OBSERVE closely the many
beautiful forms of plant and
animal life growing under
water, it is only necessary for you to
make use of a water box. This box
is of half-inch pine, from fifteen to
twenty inches long, by five or six
inches square. One end has handles
and is open, the other has window
glass let in and puttied tight so that
the water can not leak thorugh. In
putting together the four wooden
sides of the box, nail the three sides
together and whittle grooves so that
you can slip the square of window
glass into them at the end before the
fourth side is put on. Of course, in
using the box, grasp it by the han-
dles, and placing the end covered
with glass beneath the surface of the
water, look through the box. You
will see very clearly everything in
the water--provided it is not too
muddy
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[clipping pasted sideways in margin]
To make paper stick to metal, insert
the metal, hot, in a strong solution of
washing soda. Wipe dry, then apply
onion juice and the paper will adhere
as though glued.
RIGHT PAGE
343
Cement to Stand White Heat
Pulverized Fire Clay, 4 parts,
Plumbage, 1 part
Iron Filings or Borings free from oxide 2 parts
Peroxide of Mangenese 1 part
Borax, 1/2 Part
Sea Salt, 1/2 Part
Mix these to a thick paste and use
immediately. Heat up gradually, when
first useing.
Scientific American February 15, 1908
Vol XCVIII No.7
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VALUE OF OLIVE OIL
Few people know the value of olive oil as a food
and medicine. And many of the people who are con-
tinually dosing themselves with expensive, but useless
and often harmful "quack" rememdies, would be sur-
prised to know that there exists in almost every home
a panacea for nearly every simple ailment of every
day life. The virtues of pure olive oil have been sung
from time immemorial by those who have tested and
proved its wonderfully nourishing and remedial quali-
ties, but its very simplicity deters others even from
experimenting with it. A medicine with a high sound-
ing name willoften appeal to the hypochondriac, or
the "person with nerves," and old fashioned simple
things fail to attract because the patient cannot be-
lieve that such things as nature's remedies can have
any real effect upon disease. I have said that olive oil
is to be found in almost every household. Olive oil
however, must not be confounded with salad oil,
which unfortunately is not always pure. Frequently
it is adulterated and sometimes cotton oil, an extract
from the Indian ground nut and other substances, is
sold as salad oil. Only the very best quality of olive
oil guaranteed by the importer should be employed.
Pure olive oil is expressed from the pulp of the ripe
olive, the fleshy exterior of the fruit. The common
olive tree is a native of Syria and is cultivated in
Italy, France, Spain and Turkey. It is a pure and
very bland oil, with no irritating qualities. Provence
oil, Florence oil, Lucca oil and Genoa oil are all olive
oils of good quality. As a food in debilitated nervous
cases olive oil is almost invaluable. It is far more
palatable than Cod Liver Oil and has all the thera-
peutic qualities of the latter. All animal fats have
a tendency to clog the system and derange the liver,
whereas Olive Oil has a distinctly beneficial influence
upon this organ. It has long been observed that those
who look upon Olive Oil as a common article of food
and take it as such are generally healthier and in bet-
ter condition than those who do not. The Italian pea-
sants take a great deal of Olive oil, and are a par-
ticularly healthy race. Oil is destructive of certain
forms of micro-organic life, and it is reasonable to
suppose that they can best be eradicated from the
system by internal use. The use of oil not only
does this but it restores to the worn out or diseased
tissue just those elements of repair that its recon-
struction demands. For delicate children and girls
with a tendency to lung weakness, Olive oil is most
beneficial. Few people care to take it alone at first,
so it may be freely poured over tomatoes, lettuce, and
mixed salads. When eating sardines, the ordinary
preserving oil may be poured away, and pure salad
oil substituted. It may also be used in the kitchen for
cooking purposes, instead of lard. Olive oil gives an
excellent flavor to eggs, croquettes, meats, fish and
other articles cooked with it and the prejudice against
the frying pan will be modified when cooks learn to
use Olive Oil instead of lard, common coooking butter,
etc.
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A Simple Microscope
IF YOU have need of the enlarge-
ment of writing which is small
and illegible, or if you desire to
increase the size of any other object,
why not make your own microscope?
Cut out a piece of thin cardboard.
Ink one side of this until it is entire-
ly black. Make a pinhole in the cen-
ter of the sheet.
Looking through this pinhole you
will be surprised to learn what a
good microscope you have manufac-
tured.
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WORK OF WATER-FINDER
Tests Made in England Not Very Sat-
isfactory.
A number of interesting water-find-
ing experiments have been made re-
cently under the superintendence of
Professor Wertheimer, the principal of
the Merchant Venturers' Technical
College, Bristol.
Three professonal water-finders or
"dowsers" and three amateurs--one of
them a lady--took part in the experi-
ments, and 28 experiments were under-
taken. Armed each with a rod or
wand, the dowsers were sent forth
on their mission over ground selected
for the purpose. The object of the
experiments was "to determine among
other things the dowser's power to
find known wells or water channels
by means of the dowser's rod; to as-
certain if the motion of a dowser's
rod is due to an electrical cause; to
compare results by different dowsers
on the same spots; to discover when
water is, or is not, flowing in an iron
pipe; and to find hidden gold or
silver."
The dowser's rod is an important,
though not always indispensable part
of the water-finder's equipment. It
consists of a rod or twig, generally of
hazel, about a foot long, and cut off
just below where the fork occurs
The thickness of the rod and the
manner of holding it vary A com-
mon method is to hold the ends of
the twig firmly between the fingers
and thumb of each hand, with elbows
pressed rigidly against the sides, so
that the two ends of the twig are
pulled apart, with the but end of the
fork pointing downwards. The palms
of the hands are generally held up-
wards when grasping the twig.
Thus armed, the dowser moves
slowly forward until a twisting motion
of the rod in hand warns him that
he is passing over a spring. The
twisting is involuntary, and is so ir-
resistible as to cause the twig to
break in some cases in the dowser's
hand. The majority of dowser's claim
to be conscious of a tingling sensa-
tion over the arms and body when
passing over underground springs, and
profess to be able to judge by the
character of their sensations as to
the volume of water beneath, and the
depth at which it may be found. In
rural districts of England the use of
the divining rod by experts is known
simply as "working the twig," and it
has been suggested by a humorous
writer that this may be the origin of
the slang expression "I twig" wich
the vulgar employ to indicate that
they have divined the hidden meaning
of another.
The results of the experiments on
this occasion were not altogether sat-
isfactory, and Prof. Wertheimer, in
summing up, came to the conclusion
"that experienced dowsers did not give
the same indications in the same
place, and that the movements of their
rods were, in several of the experi-
ments described, due ourely to sub-
jective causes."
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OCTOBER 2, 1908
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Sugar as a Disinfectant
Consul General Richard Guenther
writes from Frankfort that in many
parts of Europe it is customary among
the people to burn sugar in sick rooms,
a practice which is considered by phy-
sicians as an innocent superstition,
neither beneficial nor harmful. He
adds:
Prof. Trilbert, of the Pasteur Insti-
tute at Paris, has, however, demon-
strated recently that burning sugar de-
velops formic accetylene-hydrogen, one
of the most powerful antiseptic gases
known. Five grams of sugar (77.16
grains) were burned under a glass bell
holding 10 qurts. After the vapor had
cooled bacilli of typhus, tuberculosis,
cholera, smallpox, etc. were placed in
the bell in open glass tubes and within
half an hour all the microbes were
dead.
If sugar is burned in a closed vessel
containing putrified meat or the con-
tents of rotten eggs, the offensive odor
disappears at once. The popular faith
in the disinfecting qualities of burned
sugar appears therefore as well found-
ed.--Daily Consular Reports.
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