| Transcript |
- LEFT PAGE
320
[First clipping spans all three columns, including its continued text]
PRIME VERTICAL
SUN DIAL
[illustrated figure showing a circle marked in a number of degrees from west to east]
The Making of a Sun Dial
A sun-dial is a minaiture earth.
To show the analogy between our
planet and the celestial sphere and
a sun-dial the projection, Fig. 1, is
shown. Let C represent the earth's
centre, or the spectator station-
ed there; Z is the zenith of a point
of latitude, 46.27 degrees and N the
nadir and are the poles of the spec-
tator's national horizon. P.P. the
poles, the north one elevated to the
height of the spectator's latitude
and the south pole depressed to
the same degree; HP the altitude
and SP the depression; EQ the
equator, perpendicular to the
earth's axis, PP.H and S are north
and south, and WE the west and
east points, and AQ the latitude of
the place, A, and PA and PN the
co-latitudes in opposite directions.
Now look at our dial, Fig.2, C
is the earth's centre; Z the zenith
and N the nadir EW east and west
points or the prime vertical. P,
Fig. 3, is the south pole, PN the
co-latitude, as before, and PC the
axis of the southern sphere. The
angle, C, of the stile, Fig. 3, is just
the co-latitude of the place, 46.27,
[illustration of a circle with various markings, Fig.1]
Showing the analog between the sun dial and
the earth and celestial sphere.
and represents the distance in de-
grees of the pole P, from the nadir,
N.
The illustrations show very expli-
citly how a prime vertical sun dial
is made. This one is of course
constructed for latitude 46.27. The
hour lines are different for different
latitudes. The only difficulty then
in making a sun-dial is to get the
distance in degrees of the hour lines
from N or zero. The rule however
is simple.
The six hours of 90 degrees on
either side are 15 degrees each. The
first hour being 15; the second, 30;
the third, 45; the fourth 60; the
fifth, 75 and the sixth, 90. It
therefore requires five different so-
lutions to get the correct hour
lines for every given latitude, ex-
cept at the equator, degrees la-
titude, when the hour lines are ex-
actly 15 degrees apart.
To get the first hour line, here,
10.28 add the log cosine of the la-
titude and the log tangent of the
hour angle, eliminating 10., the sun
will be the log tangent of the hour
line. The second hour line is got
in the same way, using the same
log cosine, but substituting for log
tan. 15., log tan. 30, and so on un-
til log tan 75 is completed. A
table of logarithms is all that is
required.
Find the angular distance of the
hourlines in succession from the
hour line of noon, NC for a place
in latitude 39, for a prime vertical
dial.
For 1h P.M or 11 h. A.M....11.45
" 2 " 10 " ....24.10
" 3 " 9 " ....37.51
---
For 4h P.M or 8 h. A.M....53.23
" 5 " 7 " ....70.58
" 6 " 6 " ....90.00
Both stile and dial is drawn to
the same scale, so that there will
be no difficulty in adjusting them.
The stile is best made of sheet
brass, or galvanized boiler plate.
the diameter of the dial plate here
shown is 6 15-16 inches, and the
high of the pole of the stile is 3 1/4
in. [inches]. This makes a good size. The
heavy black line on the dial plate
shows where the foot of the stile
is set in. For a dial plate a piece
of pine board, well painted, white
in color, with black lines for hour
lines and figures, made with india
ink, answers very well. When com-
pleted the dial is hung perfectly
plumb, and due east and west, so
that at high noon the sun's shadow
is at CN. A dial gives the true ap-
parent time for any locality for
which it is constructed.
Noticing the figures again, our
dial plate, Fig.2, is the line ZN,
Fig. 1; our stile, Fig.3, is the co-la-
titude, PCN, Fig.1. The making
of a sun-dial is a nice study in as-
tronomy.
J.A. Macdonald
Prince Edward Island
---
operation.
[illustration Fig 3 - stile]
---
Boiled by Electricity
[handwritten in blue pencil across article, "July 23 1904"]
New York, July 22--A new use for
the third rail was discovered last night
on the Brooklyn bridge, where forty
quarts of milk were boiled to a turn
and the can nearly melted before the
police went to the rescue and knocked
the big can into the East River.
About 9 o'clock the can fell off a
passing milk wagon and a shower of
flame shot up from the third rail near
the north roadway, about twenty-five
feet from the Brooklyn tower. As an
elevated train passed the shoe which
rides on the third rail struck the milk
can and only wedged it in tighter, with-
out breaking contact with the rail.
Then the ties began to flame up, and
the police ran for pails of water. The
engineer at the Manhattan end of the
bridge climbed up on an elevated train
which became stalled and tried to put
out the fire with a fire extinguisher.
This did not work, and the flames con-
tinued to shoot into the air until a
force of men arrived who were pro-
vided with rubber gloves and planks.
They dislodged the can.
---
Rubber Cement.
To fasten glass letters, figures, etc., on glass (show
windows) so that, even when submerged in water for
several days, they will not become detached, use an
India rubber cement. The best for this purpose con-
sists of one part India rubber, three parts of mastic
and fifty parts chloroform. Let stand for several days
at a low temperature to dissolve the cement. It must
be applied very rapidly, as it becomes thick very soon.
RIGHT PAGE
321
[Left Column, two clippings, two dates - one pasted sideways]
TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM
STEEL.
Professor H. M. Howe, in his recent
valuable work on "Iron, Steel and
Other Alloys," gives some interesting
particulars regarding special steels.
The burglar with his blow pipe
"draws the temper," that is, softens a
spot on a hardened carbon steel or
chrome steel safe by simply heating it,
so that as soon as it has again cooled
he can drill through it and introduce
his charge of dynamite. But neither
this nor any other known procedure
softens manganese steel.
Tungsten steel, which usually con-
tains from 5 to 10 per cent tungsten,
and from 0.4 to 2 per cent carbon,
is used for magnets because of its great
retentivity, and for lathe and smiliar
metal cutting tools which are required
to cut off a thick slice at each stroke.
The great friction due to the thick-
ness of the cut, heats the tool to [a]
temperature at which the temper [of]
common or carbon steel is drawn.
The merit of tungsten steel is that
like manganese steel, it retains its ex-
treme hardness even after it has been
heated to 752 deg. Fahr. [degrees Fahrenheit]. Under these
conditions the Taylor & White variety
retains its cutting power even when
the friction is so great that the chips
of metal cut are so hot as to glow vis-
ibly, and even the edge of the tool it-
self grows red hot. These tools, while
red hot at their cutting edge, appear
to be still capable of cutting steel rap-
idly and efficiently.
Molybdenum is now often used in-
stead of tungsten, 1 per cent of moly-
bdenum having the same effect as 2 per
cent of tungsten, and proves the value
of the former metal to which we drew
attention in the last issue of The Can-
adian Manufacturer.
It is just reported that a valuable
discovery of tungsten ore has been
made in Cariboo district, British Co-
lumbia, which is important if found in
commercial quantities, as hitherto the
supply of tungsten has been quite lim-
ited and consequently has commanded a
very high price.
It is much more easy to make suit-
able alloys of these valuable metals in
the electric furnace than by old meth-
ods and the mixtures are much more
readily regulated.
---
FEBRUARY 22, 1905. [pasted sideways in margin]
---
MARCH 6, 1905
---
NEW CUNARDER'S MAIDEN VOYAGE
Caronia Makes Trip from Liverpool
to New York in Seven Days Nine Hours
New York, March 5-- The new Cu-
nard steamer Caronia arrived today from
Liverpool and Queenstown on her maiden
voyage, after a passage of seven days
and nine hours from the latter port, made
at an average speed of 16.23 knots.
The Caronia brought 155 saloon, 258 sec-
ond cabind and 1,286 steerage passengers
making, with her crew of 440, a total of
2,128 persons on board. One death oc-
curred on the passage on March 2.
The Caronia is the newest and largest
of the Cunard fleet operated between this
port and Liverpool. With the exception
of the three newest White Star line
steamers, she is the biggest ship in the
transatlantic trade. Interesting facts
about the Caronia are summarized thus:
Outside plating would cover three acres.
Contains 1,800,000 rivets.
Has eight continuous decks.
Turn shafts are 225 feet long.
Length over all, 675 feet.
Gross tonnage, 21,000
Displacement, 20,000 tons.
Funnels rise 250 feet above the keel.
Engines and boilers weigh 5,000 tons.
Horsepower, 20,000.
Accommodations for 3,100 passengers and crew
of 465
---
[middle column, two clippings]
THE 25-KNOT CUNARD LINERS
The contract has now been definitely
arranged and signed for the construc-
tion of the two high-speed Atlantic
liners, for which provision was made
in the agreement between the Govern-
ment and the Cunard Company, the
Government, to put it briefly, practi-
cally guaranteeing interest on the
money--about two and a half million
sterling--required for building the two
vessels, on condition that they will be
at the disposal of the Admiralty and
other departments for merchant cruis-
ers and other maritime service. Very
considerable interest has been taken in
the negotiations, principally owing to
the fact that a speed of 25 knots is
to be maintained. This involved great
size; the dimensions are now fixed at
760 feet of length and 88 feet of beam,
so that the displacement, even although
no cargo be carried, will be between
32,000 tons and 33,000 tons when the
vessel leaves Liverpool. To get the
speed, between 66,000 and 70,000 horse
power will require to be developed, and
a measure of the cost of the engine
power is afforded by the fact that the
coal consumption will exceed 1,000 tons
per day. But not alone in size and
speed do the vessels mark a great ad-
vance; the adoption of the Parsons
steam turbine as the prime mover will
invest them with great interest. We
have already given general particulars
of the turbine machinery butit may
here be stated that there will be four
shafts, each with one powerful go-
ahead turbine, the high-pressure units
being on side shafts, so as to en-
able the shaft to be as near the shell
of the ship as possible, while the low-
pressure units will be on the inside
shafts. These latter will extend much
further aft than the wing shafts, and
the propellers will take the place of
the ordinary twin screws, with the
deadwood of the ship between them
cut away. The lines of the ship aft
will be specially fine, so that although
the wing propellers are will forward
from the stern, the blades will not pro-
ject beyond the vertical line of the
hull. We understand that the turbines
are being so proportioned as to enable
the revolutions to be 150 per minute,
so that the propellers will be of suffi-
cient size to ensure efficiency in a
heavy Atlantic seaway. The inner
shafts will also be fitted with go-astern
turbines. Howden's system of draught
will be adompted in connection with the
cylindrical boilers, which will be di-
vided in to three separate units, and
thus there will be three funnels. It
goes without saying that the Cunard
Company, with their great experience
and desire to please their patrons, will
see to it that the vessels are perfect
from the habitable, as well as from the
mechanical, and structural standpoints.
As has been anticipated for some
months now, one vessel will be built
by Messrs. John Brown & [and] Co. [company] at their
Clydebank works, where so many high-
speed vessels have been created, and
the other by Messrs, Swan & [and] Hunter,
the machinery for the latter being by
the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering
Company, also on the Tyne--Engineer-
ing.
---
The Rule of the Road
A Lndoner who has been visiting in
Philadelphia has evolved a theory about
the rule of the road which, he says, has
been forced home upon him by actual
experience in this country.
"You Americans," he said, "are contin-
ually criticising us for our rule of the
road: 'Turn to the left,' You say that
your rule, 'Turn to the right,' is the cor-
rect one. Well if you'd watch each other
you'd see that you were wrong.
"Notice the crowds leaving any public
building with swing doors. The door to
the right will be marked 'Out,' and
won't open any other way but from the
inside. Vice versa with the door on the
left. Well, what happens? In spite of
the marking, everybody turns instinct-
ively to the other door That door is
grabbed if it chances to have been opened
from the other side; if it hasn't been the
person who is disobeying your rule of the
road endeavors vainly, to open it from
his side.
"On the street, too, I notice that Ameri-
cans instinctively turn to the left. If
the curb is on their left they will even
stem into the street. If a man had the
curb on his right and refused to step that
way I would, going the other direction
have, under the law, a right to brush him
aside, I suppose.
"But the point I make is that our rule
of the road must be the right one, be-
cause it is the instinctive one even for
Americans, who have een trained the
other way." -- Philadelphia Press.
---
[right column, two clippings]
STARTING A BALKY HORSE
The Mysterious Stranger and How He
Moved the Equine
While the talkfest was at its height
a stranger carrying a suit case and hav-
ing every appearance of having just come
down on the "Sho" stepped out from the
crowd and, with native curiosity, inquir-
ed, "What's the row?"
The policeman turned on him and in an in-
stant, and in tones meant to be crushing
he said, "If you're a balky horse spe-
cialist I'll tell you all about it, but if
you are note, then on your way! This
is no place for you."
"I'm not a specialist in that line," re-
plied the stranger, "but I think I know
enough about horses to start this one."
"There he is, then," said the cop,
"you'll do this community a big favor if
you get him going."
The stranger surveyed the horse for a
moment, and then as exclamations which
sounded like "Smart Aleck" and "Fresh
guy" went up from the onlookers, he put
down his suit case and went through the
action of whispering something into the
stranded animal's ear. The horse shook
its head and snorted a few times, and
then, to the sharp command to "Get up!"
it moved up in its collar, and the next
instant was trotting off with its load as
if it had never balked in its life.
A cheer went up from the crowd, and
everybody gathered around to find out
what were the magic words that the
stranger had whispered into the horse's
ear. He winked knowingly at his ques-
tioners, and passed up on Charles street,
leaving the crowd to wonder at the
demonstration of psychic powers it had
just witnessed.
The policeman would not be put off
with a wink, however, and he corraled
the stranger and implored him to give
up his secret.
"It's the simplest thing in the world,"
said the man, "You know, it is a well-
known fact theat a ohorse or mule cannot
concentrate its mind on more than one
thought at a time. When he balks he
has his mind set on that particular sub-
ject, and you couldn't budge him in a
hundred years unless you caused him to
change his line of thought."
"Yes, but how did you do it?" asked
the copper.
"Why, I simply dropped a small wad
of paper into the horse's ear and gave
him the job of thinking how he was going
to get it out," the man replied, as he
picked up his suit case and continued up
Charles street, leaving the policeman to
wonder whether or not he was being
strung.--Baltimore Herald
---
Boiling Rice
"How do you boil your rice?" is an
ever-recurring question to the Southern
housewife as her guests gaze with envy
at the snowy mounds of dry but perfectly
cooked grain. Like most things, "it's
easy when you know how!" Wash the
rice in fresh cold water. Put into a
saucepan, cover well with hot water and
boil briskly for half an hour. When the
water is all gone, put the rice into a fine
collander, set the colander on ta saucepan
filled with boiling water and finish your
cooking by steam. When properly cooked
each grain is separate. If rice were used
more frequently as a vegetable instead of
potatoes, the housekeeper would find she
had made a gain economically as well as
hygenically. Rice is not only much more
nourishing than potato, but its form of
starch is much more easily assimilated
by delicate digestions. --Harper's Bazar.
---
|
|---|
